Publications

See also Google Scholar. If you have trouble with accessing the paper, data, or R code, please email me.

Preprints and Pending

Hobson EA, Prasher S, Carter G, and Garland J. In review. An interactive online game that uses simulations of hunting vampire bats to introduce students to coding. In: Boone E and Thuecks S, eds. Advances in Biology Laboratory Education. Volume 43. Publication of the 43rd Conference of the Association for Biology Laboratory Education (ABLE).

Razik I, Stockmaier S, Abou-Elias M, & Carter G. In revision. Opportunistic evidence for impacts of Staphylococcus infection on social integration in vampire bats. BioRxiv preprint

Sopka T, George E, Carter G. Submitted. Does mouth licking in vampire bats serve other functions besides food sharing?

2024

Hartman RC, Wilkinson GS, Razik I, Hamilton IM, Hobson EA, Carter GG. 2024. Hierarchically embedded scales of movement shape the social networks of vampire bats. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 291:20232880. http://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2023.2880

Chaverri G, Sagot M, Stynoski JL, Araya-Salas M, Araya-Ajoy Y, Nagy M, Knörnschild M, Chaves-Ramírez S, Rose N, Sánchez-Chavarría M, Jiménez-Torres Y, Ulloa-Sanabria D, Solís-Hernández H, Carter GG. In press. Calling to the collective: contact calling rates within groups of disc-winged bats do not vary by kinship or association. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B.

Carter GG. 2024. Modeling the evolution and formation of animal friendship. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA. 121 (15) e2403318121. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2403318121 (PDF) (Invited commentary).

Gmutza HJ, Foster RW, Gmutza JM, Carter GG, Kurta A. 2024. Survival of hibernating little brown bats that are unaffected by white-nose syndrome: Using thermal cameras to understand arousal behavior. PLoS ONE 19(2): e0297871. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0297871

2023

Carter GG. 2023. Reciprocity versus pseudo-reciprocity: a false dichotomy. Ethology. e13431. https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.13431

Volokhov DV, Lock LR, Dyer KE, DeAnglis IK, Andrews BR, Simonis MC, Stockmaier S, Carter GG, Downs CJ, Fenton MB, Simmons NB. 2023. Expanded diversity of novel hemoplasmas in rare and undersampled Neotropical bats. One Health. 17:100633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100633

Haghani A, et al (190 authors). 2023. DNA methylation networks underlying mammalian traits. Science, 381(6658), eabq5693. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abq5693 (PDF)

Lu AT, et al (188 authors). 2023. Universal DNA methylation age across mammalian tissues. Nature Aging. 3: 1144-1166. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43587-023-00462-6 (PDF)

Riskin D, Carter G. 2023. Sanguivory in vampire bats: How did it evolve and how does it compare to blood-feeding in other animals? Canadian Journal of Zoology. 101: 207-221. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2022-0115 (PDF)

Dixon MM, Carter GG, Ryan MJ, Page RA. 2023. Spatial learning overshadows learning novel odors and sounds in both a predatory and a frugivorous bat. Behavioral Ecology. 34: 325-333. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arad001 (access link)(PDF)

2022

Dixon MM, Jones PL, Ryan MJ, Carter GG, Page RA. 2022. Long-term memory in frog-eating bats. Current Biology. 32: R557-R558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.031 (PDF)

Cárdenas Canales EM*, Stockmaier S*, Cronin E, Rocke T, Osorio JE, Carter GG. 2022. Social effects of rabies infection in male vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus). Biology Letters. 18: 2022029820220298. http://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2022.0298 (PDF)(*co-first authors)

Razik I, Brown B, Carter G. 2022. Forced proximity promotes the formation of enduring cooperative relationships in vampire bats. Biology Letters. 18:20220056. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2022.0056

Brown BKG and Carter GG. 2022. Do bats use scent cues from guano and urine to find roosts? Animal Behavior and Cognition. 9: 106-118. link

Hobson L and Carter G. 2022. Network approaches to understanding social organization and complexity [book chapter in The Routledge International Handbook of Comparative Psychology, Edited by Amanda Ridley, Patrizia d’Ettorre, and Todd Freeberg] (pdf)

2021

Yarlagadda K, Razik I, Malhi RS, Carter GG. 2021. Social convergence of gut microbiomes in vampire bats. Biology Letters. 17: 20210389. http://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2021.0389 (open access)

Ripperger SP and Carter GG. 2021. Social foraging in vampire bats is predicted by long-term cooperative relationships. PLOS Biology 19(9): e3001366. (open access)

Wilkinson GS, Adams DM, Arnold BD, Ball HC, Breeze CE, Carter GG, Cooper LN et al. 2021. Genome methylation predicts age and longevity of bats. Nature Communications 12:1615. link

Kline E, Ripperger S, and Carter G. 2021. Habituation of common vampire bats to biologgers. Royal Society Open Science. 8: 211249. (open access)

Farine D and Carter G. 2021. Permutation tests for hypothesis testing with animal social network data: problems and potential solutions. Methods in Ecology and Evolution. 13:1441-56. (open access)

Carter GG. 2021. Co-option and the evolution of food sharing in vampire bats. Ethology 127: 837-849 (PDF)

Crisp R, Brent L, and Carter G. 2021. Social dominance and cooperation in female vampire bats. Royal Society Open Science. 8: 210266210266. (open access)

Cantor M, Maldonado-Chaparro AA, Beck KB, Brandl HB, Carter GG, He P, Hillemann F, Klarevas-Irby JA, Ogino M, Papageorgiou D, Prox L, Farine DR. 2021. The importance of individual-to-society feedbacks in animal ecology and evolution. Journal of Animal Ecology. 90: 27-44. (link)

  • Top 10 most downloaded article

Razik I, Brown BKG, Page RA, Carter GG. 2021. Nonkin adoption in the common vampire bat. Royal Society Open Science. 8: 201927. (link)

Carter G, Brown B, Razik, I, Ripperger S. 2021. Penguins, falcons, and mountain lions: the extraordinary host diversity of vampire bats. In 50 Years of Bat Research: Foundations and New Frontiers. Springer. pp 151-170. (link) (PDF). [book chapter]

2020

Carter G, Farine D, Crisp R, Vrtilek J, Ripperger S, Page R. 2020. Development of new food-sharing relationships in vampire bats. Current Biology. 30(7): 1275-1279.e3. (link) (PDF).

Ripperger SP, Carter GG, Page RA, Duda N, Koelpin A, Weigel R, Hartmann M, Nowak T, Thielecke J, Schadhauser M, Robert J, Herbst S, Meyer-Wegener K, Wägemann P, Schröder-Preikschat W, Cassens B, Kapitza R, Dressler F, Mayer F. 2020. Thinking small: next-generation sensor networks close the size gap in vertebrate biologging. PLoS Biology. 18(4): e3000655. (open access)

Ripperger S, Stockmaier B, Carter G. 2020. Tracking sickness effects on social encounters via continuous proximity-sensing in wild vampire bats. Behavioral Ecology. 31:1296–1302. link

Geipel* I, Kernan* CE, Litterer AS, Carter GG, Page RA, ter Hofstede HM. 2020. Predation risks of signalling and searching: bats prefer katydids in motion. Biology Letters. 16:20190837. link

Brown B, Leffer L, Valverde Y, Toshkova N, Nystrom J, Page RA, Carter G. 2020. Do bats use guano and urine stains to find new roosts? Tests with three group-living bats. Royal Society Open Science. 7:201055. open access

Stockmaier S, Bolnick DI, Page RA, Josic D, Carter G. 2020. Immune-challenged vampire bats produce fewer contact calls. Biology Letters. 16: 20200272. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0272 (PDF)

Kohles J, Carter G, Page R, Dechmann D. 2020. The social foraging bat Molossus molossus discriminates between individual group members based on their search-phase echolocation calls. Behavioral Ecology. 31: 1103–1112. araa056. (link)(PDF)

Stockmaier S, Bolnick D, Page R, Carter G. 2020. Sickness effects on social interactions depend on the type of behaviour and relationship. Journal of Animal Ecology. 89: 1387-1394. (link)(PDF)

Narizano H, Carter GG. 2020. Do vampire bats groom others based on need? Behavioral Ecology. 31:107-113 (link)(PDF)

Ripperger SP, Duda N, Kölpin A, Carter G. 2020. Simultaneous monitoring of the same animals with PIT-tags and sensor nodes causes no system interference. Animal Behavior and Cognition. 7(4), 531-536. (link)

Flores V*, Carter G*, Halczok T, Kerth G, Page R. 2020. Social structure and relatedness in the fringe-lipped bat (Trachops cirrhosus). Royal Society Open Science. 7:192256. (link)

Carter G, Chen T, Razik I. 2020. The Theory of Reciprocal Altruism. In: The SAGE Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology (editor: T Shackelford). Sage. [PDF]

Hermanson J, Carter G. 2020. Vampire bats. In: Phyllostomid Bats, a Unique Mammalian Radiation (editors: TH Fleming, L Davalos, M Mello). University of Chicago Press. [book chapter](PDF)

2019

Ripperger SP*, Carter GG* (*equal contributions), Duda N, Koelpin A, Cassens B, Kapitza R, Josic D, Berrío-Martínez J, Page RA, Mayer F. Vampire bats that cooperate in the lab maintain their social networks in the wild. 2019. Current Biology. 29: 4139-4144.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.10.024 (PDF)

Carter G, Schino G, Farine D. 2019. Challenges with assessing the roles of nepotism and reciprocity in cooperation networks. Animal Behavior. 150:255-271 (PDF)

Wilkinson G, G Carter, KM Bohn, B Caspers, G Chaverri, D Farine, L Günther, G Kerth, M Knörnschild, F Mayer, M Nagy, J Ortega & K Patriquin. 2019. Kinship, association and social complexity in bats. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 73:7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-018-2608-1 (PDF)

Gould GG, Carter GG, Augustine JK. 2019. Divergent signals from homologous unfeathered ornaments in two congeneric grouse. Ecology and Evolution. 9: 11833-11847. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5687

Berrío-Martínez J, Kaiser S, Nowak M, Page R, Carter G. 2019. The role of past experience in the development of feeding behavior in common vampire bats. PeerJ. 7:e7448 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7448

Vleut I, Carter G, Medellin R. 2019. Movement ecology of the carnivorous woolly false vampire bat (Chrotopterus auritus) in southern Mexico. PLoS ONE. 14(7):e0220504. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220504

2018

Stockmaier S, Bolnick DI, Page RA, Carter GG. 2018. An immune challenge reduces social grooming in vampire bats. Animal Behaviour 140: 141-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.04.021 (PDF) 

Vrtilek J, Carter G, Patriquin K, Page R and J Ratcliffe. 2018. A method for rapid testing of social learning in vampire bats. Royal Society Open Science. 5:172483. http://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172483

Carter GG, Forss S, Page RA, Ratcliffe JM. 2018. Younger vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) are more likely than adults to explore novel objects. PLoS ONE 13(5): e0196889. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196889

2017

Carter G, Farine D, Wilkinson G. 2017. Social bet-hedging in vampire bats. Biology Letters. 13:20170112. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0112

Carter G, Wilkinson G, Page R. 2017. Food-sharing vampire bats are more nepotistic under conditions of perceived risk. Behavioral Ecology. 28: 565-569. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arx006

Delpietro HA, Russo R, Carter G, Lord R, Delpietro G. 2017. Reproductive seasonality, sex ratio, and philopatry in Argentina’s common vampire bats. Royal Society Open Science. 4:160959; https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160959

Carter G. 2017. Gerald S. Wilkinson. In: Vonk J & Shackelford T (eds). Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_952-1 (PDF)

2016

Carter G, Wilkinson G. 2016. Common vampire bat contact calls attract past food-sharing partners. Animal Behavior. 116:45-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.03.005 (PDF) (data)

Wilkinson G, Carter G, Bohn K, Adams D. 2016. Non-kin cooperation in bats. Philosophical Transactions B. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0095 (PDF)

Carter G. 2016. Blood sharing in vampire bats. In: Shackelford TK, Weekes-Shackelford V (eds). Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. (PDF)

Carter G, Bohn K. 2016. “Altruism” in nonkin. In: Shackelford TK, Weekes-Shackelford V (eds). Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_1200-1

Bohn K, Carter G. 2016. Reciprocal Altruism and Cooperation for Mutual Benefit. In: Shackelford TK, Weekes-Shackelford V (eds). Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_1207-1

Carter G. 2016. Nonhuman reciprocal altruism. In: Shackelford TK, Weekes-Shackelford V (eds). Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_3055-1

2015 and earlier

Carter G, Wilkinson G. 2015. Social benefits of non-kin food sharing by female vampire bats. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 282: 20152524. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2524

Carter G, Wilkinson G. 2015. Intranasal oxytocin increases social grooming and food sharing in the common vampire bat. Hormones and Behavior. 75: 150-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.10.006 (PDF)
press: Newsweek

Carter G, Leffer L. 2015. Social grooming in bats: are vampire bats exceptional? PLOS One. 10(10):e0138430. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138430.

Carter G, Stewart A. 2015. The floral bat lure dimethyl disulphide does not attract the palaeotropical Dawn bat. Journal of Pollination Ecology. 17: 129-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603%282015%2919

Carter G, Schoeppler D, Manthey M, Knoernschild M, Denzinger A. 2015. Distress calls of a fast-flying aerial-hawking bat (Molossus molossus) provoke inspection flights but not cooperative mobbing. PLOS One. 10(9): e0136146. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0136146

Carter, G. 2014. The reciprocity controversy. Animal Behavior and Cognition. 1(3), 368-386. doi:10.12966/abc.08.11.2014

Kershenbaum A, D Blumstein, M Roch, C Akcay, G Backus, M Bee, K Bohn, Y Cao, G Carter et al. (42 authors) 2014. Acoustic sequences in non-human animals: A tutorial review and prospectus. Biological Reviews. doi:10.1111/brv.12160 (PDF)

Carter G, Wilkinson G. 2013. Food sharing in vampire bats: reciprocal help predicts donations more than relatedness or harassment. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 280: 1753. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2012.2573.

Carter G, Wilkinson G. 2013. Does food sharing in vampire bats demonstrate reciprocity? Communicative & Integrative Biology. 6:e25783.

Carter G, Wilkinson G. 2013. Cooperation and conflict in the social lives of bats. In: Adams, R, Pedersen, S (eds). Bat Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation. Springer Science Press. pg 225-242.

Carter G, R Logsdon, B Arnold, A Menchaca, R Medellin. 2012. Adult vampire bats produce contact calls when isolated: acoustic variation between species, colonies, and individuals. PLOS One. 7(6): e38791. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038791. (“top 25% most cited PLOS ONE articles”)

Carter G, J Ratcliffe, and B Galef. 2010. Flower bats (Glossophaga soricina) and fruit bats (Carollia perspicillata) rely on spatial cues over shapes and scents when relocating food. PLOS One. 5(5): e10808.

Carter G, B Fenton, and P Faure. 2009. White-winged vampire bats (Diaemus youngi) exchange contact calls. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 87:604-608. https://doi.org/10.1139/Z09-051(PDF)

Carter G, M Skowronski, P Faure, B Fenton. 2008. Antiphonal calling allows individual discrimination in white-winged vampire bats. Animal Behaviour. 76:1343-1355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.04.023 (PDF) (Video supplement)

Riskin D, S Parsons, W Schutt, G Carter, J Hermanson. 2006. Terrestrial locomotion of the New Zealand short-tailed bat (Mystacina tuberculata) and the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus). Journal of Experimental Biology. 209:1725-1736. (PDF)

Carter G, D Riskin. 2006. Mystacina tuberculata. Mammalian Species. 790:1-8. (PDF)

Carter G, C Coen, L Stenzler, I Lovette. 2006. Avian host DNA isolated from the feces of white-winged vampire bats (Diaemus youngi). Acta Chiropterologica. 8(1):255-259. (PDF) 

  • press: Living Bird

Non-peer-reviewed publications

Carter, G. 2018. Do vampire bats have friends? Bat News. PDF

Carter, G. 2016. Footage of feeding by the hairy-legged vampire bat Diphylla ecaudata refutes the hypothesis that this vampire bat sucks. Figshare. https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.4490621.v1

Carter G. 2011. The future of bat research and conservation. Sonorensis Magazine: Celebrating Bats. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. 31:1. (PDF)

Carter G. 2005. Bat diversity and abundance in Cusuco National Park core zone, Honduras. Internal report for Operation Wallacea, UK. (PDF)